Overview of Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Indonesia

1. Water Supply Systems

• Sources: Indonesia relies on surface water (rivers, lakes) and groundwater for its water supply. Urban areas often have piped water systems, while rural areas may depend on wells or springs.
• Access: Approximately 90% of urban populations have access to improved water sources, while rural access is around 80%.

2. Sanitation Systems

• Types: Sanitation facilities vary widely, from flush toilets connected to sewer systems in urban areas to pit latrines in rural regions.
• Access: About 80% of the urban population has access to improved sanitation, but rural areas lag behind, with many relying on basic sanitation solutions.

3. National Regulations

• Legal Framework: The primary regulation governing water and sanitation is Law No. 7/2004 on Water Resources, which emphasizes sustainable management and equitable access.
• Local Governance: Water supply and sanitation services are managed at the local level by regional water companies (PDAM) and local governments, which are responsible for implementing national policies.

4. Costs

• Water Tariffs: Costs vary by region and provider. On average, urban water tariffs range from IDR 2,000 to IDR 10,000 per cubic meter. Rural water costs may be lower but can vary significantly.
• Sanitation Fees: Charges for sanitation services depend on the type of facility and local regulations. Many areas do not have formal sanitation fees, but users may pay for maintenance or desludging services.

5. Procedures for Accessing Services

• Urban Areas:
  • Connection: Apply to the local PDAM for a water connection. Required documents typically include identification, proof of residence, and sometimes a fee.
  • Billing: Monthly bills are issued based on consumption.
• Rural Areas:
  • Community Systems: Many rural areas rely on community-managed water systems. Residents may need to participate in local meetings to access services.
  • Self-Supply: Individuals often dig wells or install rainwater harvesting systems.

6. Country-Specific Considerations

• Quality of Water: Tap water is not always safe to drink. It is advisable to use bottled water or boil water before consumption.
• Cultural Practices: Water usage practices may differ; for example, many Indonesians use water for bathing and washing in ways that may seem excessive to visitors.
• Environmental Concerns: Pollution and over-extraction of groundwater are significant issues. Visitors should be mindful of water conservation practices.

7. Additional Resources

• Local Authorities: Contact local PDAM for specific information on water supply and sanitation services in your area.
• NGOs and Community Groups: Various organizations work on improving water and sanitation access; they can provide support and information.

This overview provides a foundational understanding of water and sanitation infrastructure in Indonesia, essential for both visitors and immigrants.