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Festivals and Celebrations

An introduction to nationwide festivals and events that coincide with public holidays, offering cultural and recreational activities.

Sections

1. Overview of Public Holidays in South Korea

South Korea observes 16 public holidays annually, which include both traditional and modern celebrations. These holidays are regulated by the government, and most are designated as non-working days for public institutions and private businesses. However, some businesses, especially in the service and retail sectors, may remain open.

Key Points:

  • Public holidays are governed by the "Public Holiday Act" and are observed nationwide.
  • If a public holiday falls on a weekend, a substitute holiday is often provided (this rule applies to major holidays like Seollal, Chuseok, and Children's Day).
  • Banks, government offices, and schools are closed on public holidays, but tourist attractions and shopping centers often remain open.

2. Major Public Holidays and Festivals

a. Seollal (Lunar New Year)

  • Date: Varies (based on the lunar calendar, typically in January or February; 3-day holiday including the day before and after)
  • Cultural Significance:
    • Seollal is one of the most important traditional holidays in Korea, marking the start of the lunar calendar year.
    • Families gather to perform ancestral rites (charye) and pay respects to their elders through a bowing ceremony (sebae).
    • Traditional foods like tteokguk (rice cake soup) are eaten, symbolizing the addition of a year to one’s age.
  • Costs:
    • Travel costs can be high as many Koreans return to their hometowns, leading to increased demand for transportation.
    • Gifts for family members (e.g., fruit, health supplements, or cash) can range from ₩50,000 to ₩300,000 or more.
  • Procedures for Visitors:
    • Participate in cultural programs at palaces or museums offering Seollal-themed activities.
    • Be aware that many businesses and restaurants may close during this period.
  • Unique Considerations:
    • Expect heavy traffic on highways and crowded train stations as people travel across the country.

b. Chuseok (Korean Harvest Festival)

  • Date: Varies (based on the lunar calendar, typically in September or October; 3-day holiday)
  • Cultural Significance:
    • Chuseok is a time to give thanks for the harvest and honor ancestors through rituals.
    • Families prepare and share traditional foods like songpyeon (half-moon-shaped rice cakes).
  • Costs:
    • Similar to Seollal, travel and gift expenses can be significant.
    • Traditional clothing (hanbok) rentals for ceremonies may cost ₩30,000–₩100,000.
  • Procedures for Visitors:
    • Visit cultural sites offering Chuseok-themed events, such as folk games and traditional performances.
    • Be mindful of closures, as many businesses shut down during Chuseok.
  • Unique Considerations:
    • Traffic congestion and crowded transportation are common.

c. Independence Movement Day (March 1st)

  • Date: March 1
  • Cultural Significance:
    • Commemorates the 1919 March 1st Movement against Japanese colonial rule.
    • Ceremonies and events are held nationwide to honor the patriots who fought for independence.
  • Costs: Free to attend public events and ceremonies.
  • Procedures for Visitors:
    • Visit historical sites like Tapgol Park in Seoul, where the movement began.
    • Attend flag-raising ceremonies or exhibitions.
  • Unique Considerations:
    • A solemn day; avoid overly festive behavior.

d. Buddha’s Birthday

  • Date: Varies (based on the lunar calendar, typically in April or May)
  • Cultural Significance:
    • Celebrates the birth of Buddha, with lantern festivals and ceremonies at Buddhist temples.
    • Temples are decorated with colorful lanterns, and free vegetarian meals are often provided to visitors.
  • Costs:
    • Free to visit temples, though donations are appreciated.
    • Lantern-making workshops may charge a small fee (₩5,000–₩20,000).
  • Procedures for Visitors:
    • Participate in temple activities, such as lighting lanterns or joining prayer ceremonies.
    • Visit the Lotus Lantern Festival in Seoul for a grand parade.
  • Unique Considerations:
    • Dress modestly when visiting temples.

e. National Foundation Day (October 3rd)

  • Date: October 3
  • Cultural Significance:
    • Marks the founding of the Korean nation by the legendary figure Dangun.
    • Celebrations include ceremonies at Dangun Shrines and cultural performances.
  • Costs: Free to attend public events.
  • Procedures for Visitors:
    • Explore historical sites and attend cultural events.
  • Unique Considerations:
    • A quieter holiday compared to others, with fewer closures.

f. Hangul Day (October 9th)

  • Date: October 9
  • Cultural Significance:
    • Celebrates the creation of the Korean alphabet (Hangul) by King Sejong in 1443.
    • Recognized as a day to appreciate Korean culture and language.
  • Costs: Free to attend exhibitions and events.
  • Procedures for Visitors:
    • Visit the King Sejong Statue in Gwanghwamun Square or the National Hangeul Museum.
  • Unique Considerations:
    • A great opportunity to learn about the Korean language and its history.

g. Christmas (December 25th)

  • Date: December 25
  • Cultural Significance:
    • While not a traditional Korean holiday, Christmas is widely celebrated, especially among Christians.
    • It is also a romantic holiday for couples, similar to Valentine’s Day.
  • Costs:
    • Dining out or attending events can range from ₩20,000 to ₩100,000 per person.
  • Procedures for Visitors:
    • Enjoy festive decorations and events in major cities like Seoul and Busan.
    • Visit churches for Christmas services.
  • Unique Considerations:
    • Public transportation operates as usual, and most businesses remain open.

3. General Costs Associated with Public Holidays

  • Transportation: Prices for buses, trains, and flights can increase significantly during major holidays like Seollal and Chuseok.
  • Accommodation: Hotels in major cities may offer discounts during holidays, but rural areas may see higher demand.
  • Food: Traditional holiday foods are often more expensive during peak seasons.
  • Gifts: It is customary to exchange gifts during Seollal and Chuseok, which can add to expenses.

4. Standard Procedures for Involvement

  • Participating in Traditional Activities: Many cultural sites and museums host special events during holidays. Check their websites or social media for schedules.
  • Travel Planning: Book transportation and accommodation well in advance for major holidays.
  • Etiquette: Learn basic Korean phrases and cultural norms, such as bowing to elders during Seollal or dressing modestly for temple visits.

5. Unique Considerations for Visitors and Immigrants

  • Language Barrier: While English is widely understood in tourist areas, learning basic Korean phrases can enhance your experience.
  • Crowds and Traffic: Major holidays see a surge in domestic travel, so plan accordingly.
  • Closures: Many businesses close during Seollal and Chuseok, so stock up on essentials beforehand.
  • Cultural Sensitivity: Respect local customs, such as removing shoes when entering homes or temples.

6. Conclusion

South Korea’s public holidays and festivals offer a unique opportunity to experience the country’s rich culture and traditions. Whether you’re visiting or moving to South Korea, understanding the significance of these holidays and planning ahead will ensure a memorable and respectful experience.