Overview of National Public Holidays in South Korea

South Korea observes 16 official public holidays (as of 2023), which are designated by the government. These holidays are regulated under the "Act on Public Holidays in Government Offices" and are observed by both public and private sectors. If a public holiday falls on a weekend, a substitute holiday is often designated to ensure workers still receive a day off.

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List of National Public Holidays

Here is a detailed breakdown of each holiday, its cultural and historical significance, and how it is typically observed:

1. New Year’s Day (신정, Sinjeong)

• Date: January 1
• Significance: Marks the beginning of the Gregorian calendar year.
• Observance: A quieter holiday compared to Lunar New Year. Families may visit temples or enjoy a day of rest.
• Practical Notes: Many businesses and attractions remain open, but government offices and banks are closed.

2. Seollal (설날, Lunar New Year)

• Date: Varies (based on the lunar calendar, typically in late January or February; 3-day holiday including the day before and after).
• Significance: One of the most important holidays, celebrating the Lunar New Year with family gatherings, ancestral rituals (차례, Charye), and traditional games.
• Observance: Families travel to their hometowns, wear traditional clothing (한복, Hanbok), and eat special foods like 떡국 (Tteokguk, rice cake soup).
• Practical Notes:
  • Travel: Expect heavy traffic and crowded transportation as millions travel across the country.
  • Closures: Most businesses, restaurants, and attractions are closed.
  • Costs: Travel and accommodation prices increase significantly.

3. Independence Movement Day (삼일절, Samiljeol)

• Date: March 1
• Significance: Commemorates the March 1, 1919, movement against Japanese colonial rule.
• Observance: Ceremonies are held nationwide, particularly at historical sites like Tapgol Park in Seoul.
• Practical Notes: A solemn day; most businesses remain open.

4. Buddha’s Birthday (부처님 오신 날, Bucheonim Osin Nal)

• Date: Varies (8th day of the 4th lunar month, typically in May).
• Significance: Celebrates the birth of Buddha.
• Observance: Temples are decorated with colorful lanterns, and visitors can participate in ceremonies and free meals.
• Practical Notes: Temples like Jogyesa in Seoul are popular destinations.

5. Children’s Day (어린이날, Eorininal)

• Date: May 5
• Significance: Celebrates children and their happiness.
• Observance: Families visit parks, zoos, and amusement parks.
• Practical Notes: Expect crowded family-friendly attractions.

6. Memorial Day (현충일, Hyeonchungil)

• Date: June 6
• Significance: Honors those who died in military service.
• Observance: A national ceremony is held at the Seoul National Cemetery.
• Practical Notes: A solemn day; flags are flown at half-mast.

7. Liberation Day (광복절, Gwangbokjeol)

• Date: August 15
• Significance: Marks Korea’s liberation from Japanese rule in 1945.
• Observance: Ceremonies and cultural events are held nationwide.
• Practical Notes: A patriotic day; most businesses remain open.

8. Chuseok (추석, Korean Thanksgiving)

• Date: Varies (15th day of the 8th lunar month, typically in September or October; 3-day holiday including the day before and after).
• Significance: A harvest festival and time for family reunions and ancestral rituals.
• Observance: Families visit ancestral graves, perform Charye, and enjoy traditional foods like 송편 (Songpyeon, rice cakes).
• Practical Notes:
  • Travel: Similar to Seollal, expect heavy traffic and crowded transportation.
  • Closures: Most businesses and attractions are closed.
  • Costs: Travel and accommodation prices rise.

9. National Foundation Day (개천절, Gaecheonjeol)

• Date: October 3
• Significance: Celebrates the legendary founding of Korea by Dangun in 2333 BCE.
• Observance: Ceremonies are held at historical and cultural sites.
• Practical Notes: A quieter holiday; most businesses remain open.

10. Hangeul Day (한글날, Hangeulnal)

• Date: October 9
• Significance: Celebrates the creation of the Korean alphabet, Hangeul, by King Sejong in 1443.
• Observance: Events and exhibitions highlight the importance of Hangeul.
• Practical Notes: A day of national pride; most businesses remain open.

11. Christmas Day (성탄절, Seongtanjeol)

• Date: December 25
• Significance: Celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ.
• Observance: Christians attend church services, while others enjoy festive decorations and gift exchanges.
• Practical Notes: A commercial holiday; most businesses remain open.

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Substitute Holidays

• South Korea has a substitute holiday system for major holidays (e.g., Seollal, Chuseok, Children’s Day). If these holidays fall on a weekend, the following weekday is designated as a public holiday.

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Practical Considerations for Visitors and Immigrants

1. Travel and Accommodation:

   • During Seollal and Chuseok, book transportation and accommodation well in advance.
   • Expect higher prices and limited availability during these peak travel periods.

2. Closures:

   • Government offices, banks, and many businesses close on major holidays like Seollal and Chuseok.
   • Tourist attractions may have reduced hours or be closed.

3. Cultural Etiquette:

   • During family-oriented holidays (e.g., Seollal, Chuseok), avoid scheduling business meetings or formal events.
   • Respect solemn holidays like Memorial Day by observing local customs.

4. Festivals and Events:

   • Many holidays feature cultural festivals, parades, and performances. Check local event schedules for unique experiences.

5. Public Transportation:

   • Subways and buses may operate on reduced schedules during holidays. Plan accordingly.

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Conclusion

South Korea’s National Public Holidays offer a window into the country’s rich cultural and historical heritage. Whether you’re a visitor or an immigrant, understanding these holidays will help you navigate closures, participate in celebrations, and appreciate the cultural significance of these special days. By planning ahead and respecting local customs, you can make the most of your time in South Korea during these holidays.